Tugas Penulisan 3

Repack History by Joe Breeze It started innocuously enough. A motorcyclist turned bikie discovered the old dirt road west of Fairfax, Marin County, in the early ‘70s. He and his buddies would ride or push their 1930s or ‘40s ballooners to the top of the ridge for the downhill thrill. The road plummeted 1300 feet in less than 2.1 miles. On the twisting, sometimes precipitous decent, the bikes’ antiquated hub coaster brakes would get so hot that the grease would vaporize. After a run or two, the hub had to be repacked with new grease (thus the term “Repack”). Repack Road had been a popular downhill for a couple or three years, but whenever you get a bunch of competitive types together, someone is going to claim they are the fastest. And eventually people will want proof. With Alan Bonds’ encouragement, Fred Wolf and Charlie Kelly founded Repack, the race. They decided on a time-trial format, got a Navy chronometer and an alarm clock set a date and spread the word locally. On October 21, 1976, ten local riders showed up to test their mettle. When the dust had cleared Alan Bonds was declared the victor. He was the only one who hadn’t crashed. The race became a magnet for riders from all around the Mt Tamalpais area. So eager were they to compare handling skills on the treacherous course, the first nine Repack races were held on the average of one a week. Racers and spectators would meet in downtown Fairfax, CA. Many would load their bikes into the back of waiting trucks for a lift up a paved road to the 1000-foot level. From there they road their bikes on dirt the last 2 miles, climbing the remaining 500 feet. The start line was on an open ridge on the east face of Pine Mountain, with expansive views of Mt. Tam, Marin and San Francisco Bay. In this inspiring setting, riders chatted about the past week’s or month’s new bike discoveries and developments. Riders were sent off individually at two-minute intervals. To build suspense, the fastest riders from previous races would go last. As the pack at the top dwindled, a hush would fall over the remaining riders waiting for their start. I for one, with about ten minutes to go, would seek solitude to visualize the courses’ many turns and adjust the pressure of my old UniRoyal Knobby tires to suit the conditions. I had fitted my 45-pound Schwinn Excelsior with 26 x 7 (vintage one-inch pitch) gearing. Once on the start line Charlie Kelly, timer in hand, would hold my rear wheel until the last second. I’d lunge forward, driving all my weight on the pedals to produce enough momentum to help me muscle the tall gear over a slight rise 5o yards out. From there it was all downhill and speed. The road is littered with in-line gullies, blind and off-camber turns, and the occasional cluster of head-size rocks. Knowing the road beyond each turn was key. I had made mental notes of landmarks such as geology, flora, and past mistakes. Among the latter were Danger “X” and Breeze Tree (whose moniker wasn’t earned as harshly as Vendetti’s Face). The course rolls quickly down the ridge to the steep final face, which has a series of four switchbacks. These steep sharp turns, especially Camera Corner, would be lined with spectators. Then it’s a final straightaway; another blind turn, across the finish line, and into a big Franz Klammer slide. While race times were calculated, the throng would exchange stories of the day’s near misses, and chat more about the bikes. The rain begins to fall on the seeds; a sport, mountain biking, is born. Repack was a crucial event in the development of mountain biking. Here for the first time, Mt Tamalpais Bikers were all drawn together on a regular basis to share their stories and share their ideas about the new bike. This cross-pollination of ideas spurred the bike’s evolution and solidified the sport. Racing generated new excitement and an event to focus on. Racer and reporter Owen Mulholland spread the word out of Marin with his story “California bikies are mountainside surfing, in VeloNews, February 10, 1978.” Then in January 1979, San Francisco’s KPIX-TV shot a segment for its “Evening Magazine” show, (can be seen at the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame’s Museum in Crested Butte), which aired around the country on CBS affiliates. In 1979, Charlie Kelly published a story in Outside Magazine. The word was out. In all there were 24 Repack Races. Twenty-two of them were held from 1976 to 1979, mostly in the fall as the road-race season wound down. There were also annual Klunker Awards Banquets to honor the year’s Repack winners. Among the winners were Gary Fisher, who posted the fastest time at 4:22. Joe Breeze had the second fastest time at 4:24 and the most wins, 10. Wende Cragg was the fastest woman with a 5:27. Otis Guy was awarded Fastest Fireman at 4:25. Alan Bonds’ dog Ariel got the prize for Fastest Dog. After 1979, Repack’s organizers and racers focused increasingly on their own businesses, many of which focused on the new bikes. Mountain bikes were becoming lighter and more versatile. Emphasis shifted from downhill to cross-country exploration. The last two Repack races, in 1983 and 1984, were a bit for old time’s sake. Scheduled in conjunction with the fledging NORBA National race circuit, they gave riders from outside the Bay Area a crack at the legendary course. Some of the sport’s first Pro riders raced in those final two Repacks. After the 1984 race, Marin County land and water managers made it clear that Repack, the race, could be no more. There was little resistance; the race’s time had come and gone. A list of Repack participants reads like a Who’s Who of mountain bike innovators and racers in California. Besides the oft named Marin County riders, there were Tom Ritchey (1979), Mike Sinyard (1983), Brian Skinner, Dan Hanebrink, Mike Jordan, David Wonderly, Joe Sloup, Jim Harlow, Steve Boehmke and Jimmy Deaton (winner in ‘83 and ‘84). Jammin’ Jimmy went on to a successful Pro career. Fairfax-born downhill ace Myles Rockwell was only 12 years old in 1984. Twenty years almost to the day of the first Repack race mountain biking was included in the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. That is the icing on the cake for this now worldwide sport. Sumber : http://www.mtnbikehalloffame.com/page.cfm?pageid=14

Tugas Penulisn 3

A history of trance music

Trance music is a form of dance music characterised by an emphasis on synthesized melodies and house style electronic 4/4 beats. Trance tracks are usually based around heavily quantized melodies, with a hypnotic and often repetitive feel (hence the name). Common sounds heard in trance are arpeggiated and gated synth riffs and sweeping pads, with the few real instruments limited usually to piano, strings and acoustic guitar, if used at all. Often large, amounts of delay and reverb are used, adding to the emotional, uplifting quality of the genre.

Early Days

The first forms of trance music emerged in the early 1990s as the dance revolution gripped the UK and mainland Europe. House music had already taken hold, and techno had also become popular in Europe by this time. Most of the dance music being produced at the start of the decade was sampler-based; sampling technology was relatively new at the time, and had become affordable enough for it to be mainstream. By the middle of the decade, however, dance pioneers were looking to take their sounds in a new direction; this led to the reappearance of the synthesizer which, despite being heavily used in the early 1980s new romantic and electro boom, had been rather overlooked since the sample-based dance music revolution of the mid to late 1980s.

Two particularly influential synthesizers did continue to play a part in early house music - Roland's TB-303 Basslineand TR-909 drum machine. Misuse of the TB-303 formed the basis of acid house, originating in America and becoming popular in the UK between 1987 and 1990, while the TR-909 formed the basis of the vast majority of house music rhythms by the 1990s. While house eventually moved away from TR-909 based rhythms by incorporating sampled drum loops and breakbeats, trance music retained the TR-909 sounds which continued to be popular right through until the 2000s. Acid house featured many of the characteristics of trance, but was was a more minimal genre with a focus on the sound of a repeating, distorted TB-303 riff rather than the melody created by the TB-303 itself. This may have been partly due to the TB-303 only featuring a single octave keybord (although options to increase or decrease the octave range were available), which had to be programmed rather than played. By 1990,acid house had been superseded by more melodic forms of house and techno, with piano house becoming popular and stab-driven techno melodies starting to feature in early rave music.

Against this backdrop, some early tracks were released which proved influential in the future development of trance. Future Sound of London released Papua New Guinea in 1991 - essentially a breakbeat techno track but featuring uplifting atmospheric pad sounds rather than the rave stabs or piano riff samples common at the time. Hardfloor, a German techno group, released Hardtrance Acperience in 1992 - a piercing acid house cut but with a greater focus on melody than traditional acid house. This sound was taken even further on their 1994 tracks Into The Nature and Fish and Chips. Jam and Spoon, also from Germany, released Stella in 1992 and remixed Age Of Love the same year, which are widely regarded as the first trance tracks. In 1993, a track called Dreams was released by Quench, becoming an underground club hit which also received airplay on Pete Tong's UK Radio 1 show during December 1993. This was a very early example of a trance track combining atmospheric pads, and the filtered saw-wave synthesizer riffs more commonplace by the end of the decade - indeed, Lost Tribe's Gamemaster from 1998 features a riff based on Dreams. One giveaway that Dreams is an earlier production is that the cutoff filter sweep occurs quickly across the synth riff rather than gradually building up, as on later trance tracks. More typical of the proto-trance sound around at that time is the vocal mix of Celebrate by Miro; the filter sweeps are not yet present, but Celebrate does feature an infectious, repeated lead riff over gradually building synth pads and a bassline which changes key, techniques employed by trance producers in later years to create the trademark hypnotic feel of the genre.

While piano house, jungle and garage dominated British clubs in the mid-1990s, trance music continued to develop in continental Europe, particularly in Germany. Early trance featured many elements from European techno and commercial European rave music from the era, such as the Mark'Oh trackTears Don't Lie (1995), began to take on the stuttering, gated synthesizer chords later associated with trance. Gradually, this sound diverged as a genre in its own right, and underground trance steered away from the toytown-style major key riffs while retaining its melody-driven feel. Italian producer Robert Miles released Children in 1995, featuring classical style piano and strings alongside the gated trance pads and helping to start a subgenre known as "dream house". In the UK, meanwhile, some house and techno producers began to pick up on the trance sound and incorporated it into their tracks, for example JX with You Belong To Me (1995) - the No Respect remix being a good example of an early UK trance sound. This style became known as Nu-NRG and became faster and harder, taking on elements such as Roland Alpha Juno 2 "hoover" synthesizer noises and off-beat bass stabs, eventually morphing into UK hard house.

Sumber : http://www.toucanmusic.co.uk/articles/trance.php

Tugas Penulisan 3

NAZI PARTY

Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945. Founded in 1919 as the German Workers’ Party, the group promoted German pride and anti-Semitism, and expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace settlement that ended World War I (1914-1918) and required Germany to make numerous concessions and reparations. Hitler joined the party the year it was founded and became its leader in 1921. In 1933, he became chancellor of Germany and his Nazi government soon assumed dictatorial powers. After Germany’s defeat in World War II (1939-45), the Nazi Party was outlawed and many of its top officials were convicted of war crimes related to the murder of some 6 million European Jews during the Nazis’ reign.

Sumber : http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/nazi-party

Tugas Penulisan 3

History of Rock Music

The history of rock music isn't cut and dry. Many individuals debate who the first rock singer was and what the first rock song was. However, it is known that the history of rock music comes from the old R&B mixed with some country and western and fused with a little rockabilly.
The exact time period that the history or rock music started in is not known. There were rock and roll elements showing up in blues songs and old country western songs as far back as the 20's and 30's. By the 1950's the history or rock music had begun.
The phrase rock and roll used to have a sexual connotation attached to it. The phrase sometimes contained to two meanings. It appeared to mean dancing but was also associated with sex. It was first used in the title of Trixi Smith's 1920's song, “My baby rocks me with one steady roll.” However, it was Alan Freed a disc jockey from Ohio that first came up with the phrase rock and roll in 1955. With that, the history of rock music was well under way.
As stated before, just who started the history of rock music is under debate. This is because rock and roll music evolved from different genres and some songs that belonged to the blues, jazz, country, and gospel genres offered elements that could be considered rock and roll. However, it was Bill Haley's song, “Rock around the clock” that became popular enough to top the Billboard music charts.
In the history or rock music there have been many icons. Among the earliest rock stars are names like Bill Haley, Chuck Berry, and Little Richard. These early stars of the history or rock music led to the popularization or rock and a culture change that shocked the world. The dance crazes, fashion styles, and pop culture that followed the early history of rock music were made possible by these early stars.

Sumber : http://rockmusic.mu/

Tugas Penulisan 3

history of cafe racer jacket

The history of Cafe Racer motorcycles and style starts with the Ton Up Boys, also known as Rockers or Leather boys. These groups were part of the biker subculture that originated in the United Kingdom in the late 950s. The Ton Up Boys centered around two main cultural magnets: Cafe Racer motorcycles and Rock and Roll music.

The term ‘cafe racer’ became common because riders often travelled between Transport Cafes (truck stops or rest areas) and usually used them as checkpoints for road racing.



The top hang out spot and meeting grounds for the rebel subculture was The Ace Cafe in London.



The Ton Up Boys influenced popular culture throughout the 50s and 60s.  The Rocker style started to grow and define a new generation of baby boomers. The Beatles, as well as many hard rock and punk rock groups, drew style inspiration from the Cafe Racer subculture: leather jackets, patches, jeans, and boots made popular by the cafe racer Ton Up Boys.

Sumber : http://www.vintageracer.com/#!cafe-racers/c1l61

Tugas Penulisan 3

history of cafe racer motorcycles

Café racer styling evolved throughout the time of their popularity. By the mid-1970s, Japanese bikes had overtaken British bikes in the marketplace, and the look of real Grand Prix racing bikes had changed. The hand-made, frequently unpainted aluminium racing fuel tanks of the 1960s had evolved into square, narrow, fibreglass tanks. Increasingly, three-cylinder Kawasakis and four-cylinder Hondas were the basis for café racer conversions. By 1977, a number of manufacturers had taken notice of the café racer boom and were producing factory café racers, most notably the Harley-Davidson XLCR.^[12]

In the mid-1970s, riders continued to modify standard production motorcycles into so-called "café racers" by simply equipping them with clubman bars and a small fairing around the headlight. A number of European manufacturers, including Benelli, BMW, Bultaco and Derbi produced factory "café" variants of their standard motorcycles in this manner, without any modifications made to make them faster or more powerful.^{[citation needed]}Eventually the café racer style became just a styling exercise that served no functional purpose and simply made the bike less comfortable to ride; so the trend quickly waned in popularity. Soon afterward, most new sport bikes began featuring integral bodywork from the factory, negating the need or ability to retrofit an aftermarket café fairing.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_racer

TEFL

TEFL atau program 'Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Asing',
TEFL seperti kursus, kursus profesional di mana orang-orang
berbahasa non-Inggris dilatih dalam bahasa Inggris.
Satu-satunya perbedaan dalam hal ini adalah bahwa program pengajaran dilakukan dalam'DAERAH NON-ENGLISH'.
Program pelatihan untuk TEFL biasanya dilakukan
di daerah-daerah yang berbahasa Inggris (Meskipun hal ini tidak ada aturan)
tetapi pembinaan yang ditawarkan di tanah kelahirannya siswa.

Sesungguhnya, dengan semakin pentingnya bahasa Inggris
(baik tertulis dan percakapan), TEFL menjadi pilihan karir hari
demi hari. Orang dilatih sebagai guru EFL biasanya ditunjuk
oleh sekolah bahasa komersial, departemen pemerintah,
perusahaan besar dan organisasi swasta dan sukarela
terkenal lainnya seperti The British Council.
Mereka juga menawarkan pekerjaan yang
menguntungkan dan kontrak tetap di luar negeri.

TEFL membantu siswa meningkatkan kemampuan menulis
bahasa Inggris dan kemampuan berbicara dengan kemasan
instruksi mereka dengan informasi yang paling berguna,
menyajikannya dalam cara yang sangat menarik.
Mereka memberikan pengetahuan melalui berbagai
pelajaran TEFL untuk mengembangkan empat
keterampilan berbahasa dasar mendengar, berbicara,
membaca dan menulis dari peserta didik.
Akibatnya, pekerjaan melibatkan banyak meneliti
dan perencanaan pada bagian dari guru.

Sebagai instruktur, Anda dapat menggunakan bahan-bahan
kursus bervariasi dan berbagai alat bantu audio-visual
untuk membantu siswa Anda. Anda juga akan perlu
untuk meningkatkan rasa percaya diri mereka dengan
melibatkan mereka dalam kegiatan sosial dan budaya
atau dengan membawa mereka pada acara. Anda juga
dapat mencoba mengajar secara 'one-to-one'.
Apapun pendekatan Anda, Anda harus membuat
proses belajar mudah dan menyenangkan untuk memastikan keberhasilan.

TEFL Dengan demikian, tidak ada yang diakui / organisasi
bersertifikat untuk mengawasi penerbitan kualifikasi
pada umumnya, dan karenanya tidak ada diterima
kualifikasi standar. Kualifikasi instruktur biasanya
ditentukan oleh organisasi yang pelatih yang akan direkrut.

Dengan demikian, di negara-negara Eropa, gelar sarjana
dan sertifikasi TEFL / TESL adalah kebutuhan rata-rata.
Dengan demikian, di negara-negara Eropa, sebuah Di Amerika Serikat,
kualifikasi dasar adalah gelar Master di TESOL. Di beberapa negara,
instruktur jauh lebih berkualitas diangkat. Lembaga seperti
Berlitz tidak mengakui CELTA / CertTESOL dan melatih guru-guru
mereka sesuai standar mereka sendiri. (Kemahiran dalam bahasa
Inggris adalah penting. Pengetahuan tentang bahasa lain akan membantu besar.)

Namun, banyak kita mengatakan bahwa tidak ada standar
yang ditetapkan / kualifikasi untuk diangkat sebagai pelatih
atau instruktur TEFL, sebagian besar usaha komersial
profesional yang cukup diskriminatif dalam pilihan
mereka. Program sertifikasi TEFL dan kurikulum
inti membantu Anda mengembangkan semua
keterampilan yang positif dan teknik yang Anda
butuhkan untuk menjadi seorang instruktur EFL sukses.

         Dengan demikian, Anda diajari dengan cara melatih
siswa dalam tata bahasa dan kosa kata. Pengelolaan
kelas, memotivasi siswa dan pelatihan canggih
yang membantu siswa mencapai penguasaan atas
lisan dan tulisan bahasa Inggris adalah beberapa trik
lain yang disampaikan melalui program ini. Singkatnya,
sertifikasi TEFL adalah bukti efisiensi Anda sebagai
instruktur EFL dan sebagian besar pengusaha menilai Anda pada dasarnya.

        Program sertifikasi seperti CELTA, CELTYL, CertTESOL,
dll dilakukan di sejumlah kampus di kedua Inggris dan
Amerika Serikat. Program sertifikasi lokal juga ditawarkan
oleh organisasi atau lembaga masing-masing. Anda bahkan dapat memilih untuk program sertifikasi online.

Kesimpulan

 Sebagai karier, TEFL menjanjikan membayar paket yang baik di
samping menciptakan kesempatan bagi Anda untuk mengunjungi
tujuan yang menarik. Mengajar sebagai instruktur TEFL membantu
Anda dengan prospek karir Anda. Paparan budaya dan tradisi
yang berbeda juga membantu Anda membuat kemajuan sebagai individu.

Sumber : http://rhonera.blogspot.com/2008/08/what-is-tefl.html?m=1 

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